241 human active and 13 inactive phosphatases in total;
194 phosphatases have substrate data;
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336 protein substrates;
83 non-protein substrates;
1215 dephosphorylation interactions;
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299 KEGG pathways;
876 Reactome pathways;
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last scientific update: 11 Mar, 2019
last maintenance update: 01 Sep, 2023
Involved in tethering the chromosomes to the spindlepole and in chromosome movement Binds to the tail domain of theKIF3A/KIF3B heterodimer to form a heterotrimeric KIF3 complex andmay regulate the membrane binding of this complex (By similarity)
In adipocytes and myocytes insulin signaling causes intracellular vesicles carrying the GLUT4 (SLC2A4) glucose transporter to translocate to the plasma membrane, allowing the cells to take up glucose from the bloodstream (reviewed in Zaid et al. 2008, Leney and Tavare 2009, Bogan and Kandror 2010, Foley et al. 2011, Hoffman and Elmendorf 2011, Kandror and Pilch 2011, Jaldin-Fincati et al. 2017). In myocytes muscle contraction alone can also cause translocation of GLUT4.Though the entire pathway leading to GLUT4 translocation has not been elucidated, several steps are known. Insulin activates the kinases AKT1 and AKT2. Muscle contraction activates the kinase AMPK-alpha2 and possibly also AKT. AKT2 and, to a lesser extent, AKT1 phosphorylate the RAB GTPase activators TBC1D1 and TBC1D4, causing them to bind 14-3-3 proteins and lose GTPase activation activity. As a result RAB proteins (probably RAB8A, RAB10, RAB14 and possibly RAB13) accumulate GTP. The connection between RAB:GTP and vesicle translocation is unknown but may involve recruitment and activation of myosins.Myosins 1C, 2A, 2B, 5A, 5B have all been shown to play a role in translocating GLUT4 vesicles near the periphery of the cell. Following docking at the plasma membrane the vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane in a process that depends on interaction between VAMP2 on the vesicle and SNAP23 and SYNTAXIN-4 at the plasma membrane
Antigen presenting cells (APCs) such as B cells, dendritic cells (DCs) and monocytes/macrophages express major histocompatibility complex class II molecules (MHC II) at their surface and present exogenous antigenic peptides to CD4+ T helper cells. CD4+ T cells play a central role in immune protection. On their activation they stimulate differentiation of B cells into antibody-producing B-cell blasts and initiate adaptive immune responses. MHC class II molecules are transmembrane glycoprotein heterodimers of alpha and beta subunits. Newly synthesized MHC II molecules present in the endoplasmic reticulum bind to a chaperone protein called invariant (Ii) chain. The binding of Ii prevents the premature binding of self antigens to the nascent MHC molecules in the ER and also guides MHC molecules to endocytic compartments. In the acidic endosomal environment, Ii is degraded in a stepwise manner, ultimately to free the class II peptide-binding groove for loading of antigenic peptides. Exogenous antigens are internalized by the APC by receptor mediated endocytosis, phagocytosis or pinocytosis into endocytic compartments of MHC class II positive cells, where engulfed antigens are degraded in a low pH environment by multiple acidic proteases, generating MHC class II epitopes. Antigenic peptides are then loaded into the class II ligand-binding groove. The resulting class II peptide complexes then move to the cell surface, where they are scanned by CD4+ T cells for specific recognition (Berger & Roche 2009, Zhou & Blum 2004, Watts 2004, Landsverk et al. 2009)
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is a motor-based process that controls the anterograde and retrograde transport of large protein complexes, ciliary cargo and structural components along the ciliary axoneme (reviewed in Cole and Snell, 2009). IFT particles contain two multiprotein IFT subcomplexes, IFT A and IFT B, with ~6 and ~15 subunits, respectively. Linear arrays of IFT A and IFT B 'trains' assemble at the ciliary base along with the active plus-end directed kinesin-2 motors and the inactive dynein motors and traffic along the microtubules at a rate of ~2 micrometers per second. At the ciliary tip, the IFT trains disassemble, releasing cargo and motors, and smaller IFT trains are subsequently reassembled for retrograde traffic driven by the now active minus-end directed dynein-2 motors. Retrograde trains travel down the length of the axoneme at a rate of ~3 micrometers per second and are disassembled and recycled for further rounds of transport at the ciliary base (reviewed in Taschner et al, 2012; Bhogaraju et al, 2013; Ishikawa et al, 2011). Mutations in kinesin-2 motors or IFT B complex members tend to abrogate cilium formation, while mutations in dynein-2 motor or in IFT A complex members generally result in short, bulging cilia that abnormally accumulate IFT particles. These observations are consistent with a primary role for IFT B and IFT A complexes in anterograde and retrograde transport, respectively (see for instance, Huangfu et al, 2005; Follit et al, 2006; May et al, 2005; Tran et al, 2008; reviwed in Ishikawa et al, 2011). In addition to the IFT A and B complexes, the IFT particles may also contain the multi-protein BBSome complex, which displays typical IFT-like movement along the ciliary axoneme and which is required for cilium biogenesis and delivery and transport of some ciliary cargo (Blaque et al, 2004; Nachury et al, 2007; Ou et al, 2005; Ou et al, 2007; reviewed in Sung and Leroux, 2013; Bhorgaraju et al, 2013)
Retrograde traffic from the cis-Golgi to the ERGIC or the ER is mediated in part by microtubule-directed COPI-coated vesicles (Letourneur et al, 1994; Shima et al, 1999; Spang et al, 1998; reviewed in Lord et al, 2013; Spang et al, 2013). These assemble at the cis side of the Golgi in a GBF-dependent fashion and are tethered at the ER by the ER-specific SNAREs and by the conserved NRZ multisubunit tethering complex, known as DSL in yeast (reviewed in Tagaya et al, 2014; Hong and Lev, 2014). Typical cargo of these retrograde vesicles includes 'escaped' ER chaperone proteins, which are recycled back to the ER for reuse by virtue of their interaction with the Golgi localized KDEL receptors (reviewed in Capitani and Sallese, 2009; Cancino et al, 2013)
Kinesins are a superfamily of microtubule-based motor proteins that have diverse functions in transport of vesicles, organelles and chromosomes, and regulate microtubule dynamics. There are 14 families of kinesins, all reprsented in humans. A standardized nomenclature was published in 2004 (Lawrence et al.)
Affinity Capture-MS, Affinity Capture-Western, Co-fractionation, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, confocal microscopy, inference by socio-affinity scoring, tandem affinity purification
association, colocalization, physical, physical association
Affinity Capture-MS, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, inference by socio-affinity scoring, tandem affinity purification
Affinity Capture-MS, Affinity Capture-Western, Co-fractionation, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, confocal microscopy, inference by socio-affinity scoring, tandem affinity purification
association, colocalization, physical, physical association
Affinity Capture-MS, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, inference by socio-affinity scoring, tandem affinity purification
Affinity Capture-MS, Affinity Capture-Western, Co-fractionation, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, confocal microscopy, inference by socio-affinity scoring, tandem affinity purification
association, colocalization, physical, physical association
Affinity Capture-MS, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, inference by socio-affinity scoring, tandem affinity purification