241 human active and 13 inactive phosphatases in total;
194 phosphatases have substrate data;
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336 protein substrates;
83 non-protein substrates;
1215 dephosphorylation interactions;
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299 KEGG pathways;
876 Reactome pathways;
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last scientific update: 11 Mar, 2019
last maintenance update: 01 Sep, 2023
Cytoplasmic vesicle, secretory vesiclemembrane Cytoplasmicvesicle, secretory vesicle, synaptic vesicle membrane Note=Predominantly foundon dense-core secretory granules Sorting to secretory granules inpart is dependent of the N-terminal propeptide domain of theprecursor and its interaction with CPE (By similarity)Transiently found at the cell membrane, when secretory vesiclesfuse with the cell membrane to release their cargo Is thenendocytosed and recycled to secretory vesicles involving clathrin-dependent AP2-mediated endocytosis Recycled via STX6- but notTTTGN1/TGN38-containing compartments (By similarity) IA-2beta60: Cytoplasmic vesicle, secretoryvesicle membrane
Function (UniProt annotation)
Plays a role in vesicle-mediated secretory processesRequired for normal accumulation of secretory vesicles inhippocampus, pituitary and pancreatic islets Required for theaccumulation of normal levels of insulin-containing vesicles andpreventing their degradation Plays a role in insulin secretion inresponse to glucose stimuli Required for normal accumulation ofthe neurotransmitters norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin inthe brain In females, but not in males, required for normalaccumulation and secretion of pituitary hormones, such asluteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)(By similarity) Required to maintain normal levels of reninexpression and renin release (By similarity) May regulatecatalytic active protein-tyrosine phosphatases such as PTPRAthrough dimerization (By similarity) Has phosphatidylinositolphosphatase activity; the PIPase activity is involved in itsability to regulate insulin secretion Can dephosphorylatephosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate (PI(4,5)P2),phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate and phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (By similarity) Regulates PI(4,5)P2 level in the plasmamembrane and localization of cofilin at the plasma membrane andthus is indirectly involved in regulation of actin dynamicsrelated to cell migration and metastasis; upon hydrolyzation ofPI(4,5)P2 cofilin is released from the plasma membrane and acts inthe cytoplasm in severing F-actin filaments (PubMed:26620550)
Catalytic Activity (UniProt annotation)
Protein tyrosine phosphate + H(2)O = proteintyrosine + phosphate
Type I diabetes mellitus is a disease that results from autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing beta-cells. Certain beta-cell proteins act as autoantigens after being processed by antigen-presenting cell (APC), such as macrophages and dendritic cells, and presented in a complex with MHC-II molecules on the surface of the APC. Then immunogenic signals from APC activate CD4+ T cells, predominantly of the Th1 subset. Antigen-activated Th1 cells produce IL-2 and IFNgamma. They activate macrophages and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, and these effector cells may kill islet beta-cells by one or both of two types of mechanisms: (1) direct interactions of antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells with a beta-cell autoantigen-MHC-I complex on the beta-cell, and (2) non-specific inflammatory mediators, such as free radicals/oxidants and cytokines (IL-1, TNFalpha, TNFbeta, IFNgamma).Type I diabetes is a polygenic disease. One of the principle determining genetic factors in diabetes incidence is the inheritance of mutant MHC-II alleles. Another plausible candidate gene is the insulin gene.
Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes (white blood cells), indispensable in defending the body against invading microorganisms. In response to infection, neutrophils leave the circulation and migrate towards the inflammatory focus. They contain several subsets of granules that are mobilized to fuse with the cell membrane or phagosomal membrane, resulting in the exocytosis or exposure of membrane proteins. Traditionally, neutrophil granule constituents are described as antimicrobial or proteolytic, but granules also introduce membrane proteins to the cell surface, changing how the neutrophil responds to its environment (Borregaard et al. 2007). Primed neutrophils actively secrete cytokines and other inflammatory mediators and can present antigens via MHC II, stimulating T-cells (Wright et al. 2010).Granules form during neutrophil differentiation. Granule subtypes can be distinguished by their content but overlap in structure and composition. The differences are believed to be a consequence of changing protein expression and differential timing of granule formation during the terminal processes of neutrophil differentiation, rather than sorting (Le Cabec et al. 1996). The classical granule subsets are Azurophil or primary granules (AG), secondary granules (SG) and gelatinase granules (GG). Neutrophils also contain exocytosable storage cell organelles, storage vesicles (SV), formed by endocytosis they contain many cell-surface markers and extracellular, plasma proteins (Borregaard et al. 1992). Ficolin-1-rich granules (FG) are like GGs highly exocytosable but gelatinase-poor (Rorvig et al. 2009)